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Libidus for Men - Research
Eurycoma Longifolia
The Amazing Aphrodisiac Herb
Description
Eurycoma longifolia (Simaroubaceae) is a small tree to 15 m high.
Plants dioecious (flowers on a plant are either male or female).
Leaves compound, long, and crowded at the tips of the branches. When
the leaves fall they leave large scars on the stems. Leaflets are
ovate-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so, and opposite. Flowers are
borne in axillaries panicles, mostly large and lax, and puberulous
with short hairs. Flowers are unisexual; male flower has sterile
pistil, female flower has sterile stamens. Fruits ellipsoid or
ovoid, 10-20 x 5-12 mm, green to blackish-red when ripe.
Ecology
E. longifolia prefers acid and sandy soils at low altitude up to 700
m above sea level. Plants usually grow in beach forests, primary and
secondary forests, mixed dipterocarp forests and also in heath
forests. In Riau Province, Sumatra, 1991, the author found that
plants were growing in areas with an average temperature of 25C and
86% humidity. The soils in this area were found to be poor in
nutrients, but mycorrhizal fungi were found growing near the plants
and may indicate an association. Seedlings require shade, during
which time they develop an extensive root system. Following juvenile
stages, plants need stronger light to develop vegetative and
reproductive parts. E. longifolia flowers and fruits throughout the
year, with peak flowering from June-July and peak fruiting in
September.
Distribution
E. longifolia originates from South East Asia, including Indonesia,
Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. In Indonesia,
this species only occurs naturally in Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Uses
Though E. longifolia is currently mostly known as an aphrodisiac, in
South East Asia, all parts of E. longifolia plants have long been
used medicinally. The plant is commonly used throughout the region
as a tonic after childbirth. The bark of the roots is used in the
Malay Peninsula to cure fever, ulcers in the mouth, and intestinal
worms. The Malays also use the paste of the plant to relieve
headache, stomachache, pain caused by syphilis, and many other
general pains. In parts of Sumatra and Kalimantan, the root is used
as an anit-pyretic. In Lampung and Belitung it is used as a medicine
for dysentery. The people of Sabah and Kalimantan make a decoction
of the bark that is drunk to relieve pain in the bones or applied
for washing itches. In Vietnam, people use the flowers and fruits as
a medicine for treating dysentery. In Riau, where the author carried
out research, people living in the surrounding forests boil the root
or stem to cure malaria. One of the most unique uses for E.
longifolia is that of the Sakai ethnic group in Sumatra who use the
plant as an amulet to protect people from the smallpox virus.
Phytochemistry
The active constituents in E. longifolia, and many other species in
the Family Simaroubaceae, include quassin, neo-quassin, glaukarubin,
sedrin, eurycomanol that are mostly derivatives from compounds with
20 carbon atoms.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Some Clinical Studies
Arch Pharm Res 1998
Dec;21(6):779-81
Eurycoma longifolia increases sexual motivation in sexually naive
male rats.
Ang HH, Sim MK.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science, Malaysia,
Minden, Singapore.
The aim of this study is to provide evidence on the aphrodisiac
property of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. An electric grid was used as
an obstruction in the electrical copulation cage in order to
determine how much an aversive stimulus the sexually naive male rat
for both the treated with E. longifolia Jack and control groups were
willing to overcome to reach the estrous receptive female in the
goal cage. The intensity of the grid current was maintained at 0.12
mA and this was the intensity in which the male rats in the control
group failed to crossover to reach the goal cage. Results showed
that E. longifolia Jack continued to enhance and also maintain a
high level of both the total number of successful crossovers,
mountings, intromissions and ejaculations during the 9-12th week
observation period. In conclusion, these results further enhanced
and strengthened the aphrodisiac property of E. longifolia Jack.
PMID: 9868556 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Arch Pharm Res 2001 Oct;24(5):437-40
Effects of Eurycoma longifolia jack on laevator ani muscle in
both uncastrated and testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male
rats.
Ang HH, Cheang HS.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Science Malaysia,
Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia. hhang@usm.my
It has been reported that Eurycoma longifolia Jack commonly known as
Tongkat Ali has gained notoreity as a symbol of man's ego and
strength by the Malaysian men because it increases male virility and
sexual prowess during sexual activities. As such, the effects of
200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of butanol, methanol, water and chloroform
fractions of E. longifolia Jack were studied on the laevator ani
muscle in both uncastrated and testosterone-stimulated castrated
intact male rats after dosing them for 12 consecutive weeks. Results
showed that 800 mg/kg of butanol, methanol, water and chloroform
fractions of E. longifolia Jack significantly increased (p<0.05) the
leavator ani muscle to 58.56+/-1.22, 58.23+/-0.31, 60.21 +/-0.86 and
62.35 +/-0.98 mg/100 g body weight, respectively, when compared with
the control (untreated) in the uncastrated intact male rats and
49.23+/-0.82, 52.23+/-0.36, 50.21+/-0.66 and 52.35+/-0.58 mg/100 g
body weight, respectively, when compared to control (untreated) in
the testosterone-stimulated castrated intact male rats. Hence, the
pro-androgenic effect as shown by this study further supported the
traditional use of this plant as an aphrodisiac.
PMID: 11693547 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Biol Pharm Bull 1998 Feb;21(2):153-5
Eurycoma longifolia JACK and orientation activities in sexually
experienced male rats.
Ang HH, Sim MK.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia,
Penang.
The effects of Eurycoma longifolia JACK were studied on the
orientation activities of sexually experienced male rats towards
receptive females (mounting, licking, anogenital sniffing),
environment (exploration, raring, climbing), themselves (genital
grooming, non-genital grooming) and mobility (unrestricted,
restricted) after dosing them with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body
weight twice daily for 10 d prior to the test. The results showed
that E. longifolia JACK modified the orientation activities of the
treated male rats in that they significantly displayed more frequent
and vigorous mounting, licking and anogenital sniffing towards the
receptive females, and it further intensified self orientation as
indicated by the increased grooming of the genitals compared to the
controls (p<0.05). In addition, rats treated with 800 mg/kg of
methanol, water and butanol extracts of E. longifolia JACK continued
to show confinement to a particular area of the cage (around the
female), thus showing restriction in movement as compared to the
controls (p<0.05). However, the treated males possessed a lack of
interest in the external environment as indicated by a reduction in
exploration, raring and climbing on the cage wall. Hence, the
present study further supports the folk use of E. longifolia JACK as
an aphrodisiac.
PMID: 9514610 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exp Anim 1997 Oct;46(4):287-90
Eurycoma longifolia Jack enhances libido in sexually experienced
male rats.
Ang HH, Sim MK.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia,
Penang, Malaysia.
The effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack were studied on the libido
of sexually experienced male rats after dosing them with 200, 400
and 800 mg/kg body weight twice daily of different fractions of E.
longifolia Jack for 10 days. Results showed that E. longifolia Jack
produced a dose-dependent increase in mounting frequency of the
treated animals with 400 mg/kg of chloroform, methanol, water and
butanol fractions resulting in mounting frequencies of 5.3 +/- 1.2,
4.9 +/- 0.7, 4.8 +/- 0.7 and 5.2 +/- 0.1, and 800 mg/kg further
increased them to 5.4 +/- 0.8, 5.4 +/- 0.8, 5.2 +/- 0.6 and 5.3 +/-
0.2 respectively but there were no erections, intromissions,
ejaculations or seminal emissions during the 20-min observation
period which allowed for the measurement of sexual arousal reflected
by mounting frequency uninfluenced by other behavioural components.
This study provides evidence that E. longifolia Jack is a potent
stimulator of sexual arousal in sexually vigorous male rats in the
absence of feedback from genital sensation.
PMID: 9353636 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exp Anim 2000 Jan;49(1):35-8
Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) on the
initiation of sexual performance of inexperienced castrated male
rats.
Ang HH, Cheang HS, Yusof AP.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Science Malaysia,
Penang, Malaysia.
We studied the effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack, commonly known
as Tongkat Ali in Malaysia, on the initiation of sexual performance
and the weights of sexual accessories in inexperienced castrated
male rats. The doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight, which
were extracted from E. longifolia Jack, were orally administered to
the rats twice daily for 10 days prior to the tests and continued
throughout the test period. Testosterone was used as a positive
control after injecting 15 mg/kg daily subcutaneously for 32 days.
Results showed that E. longifolia Jack produced a dose-dependent
increase in sexual performance of the treated animals, but the E.
longifolia Jack groups showed lower sexual performance in mounting,
intromission and ejaculation than the testosterone group. Further
results also showed that E. longifolia Jack promoted the growth of
both ventral prostate and seminal vesicles as compared with the
control, but the growth of sexual accessories at 800 mg/kg of
butanol, methanol, water and chloroform fractions of E. longifolia
Jack was less than that of testosterone treated group. The present
study therefore gives further evidence of the folkuse of E.
longifolia as an aphrodisiac.
PMID: 10803359 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2001 Aug;15(4):265-8
Aphrodisiac evaluation in non-copulator male rats after chronic
administration of Eurycoma longifolia Jack.
Ang HH, Ngai TH.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia,
Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
The aphrodisiac effect of Eurycoma longifolia Jack (0.5 g/kg) was
evaluated in noncopulator male rats using an electrical cage.
Fractions of E. longifolia Jack decreased the hesitation time of
noncopulator male rats, throughout the investigation period.
Furthermore, it possessed a transient increase in the percentage of
the male rats responding to the right choice, more than 50% of the
male rats scored "right choice" after 3 weeks post-treatment and the
effect became more prominent after 8 weeks post-treatment (only
40-50% of the control male rats responded to the right choice) using
the electrical copulation cage. Hence, this study lends further
support to the use of the plant by indigenous populations as a
traditional medicine for its aphrodisiac property.
PMID: 11564133 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Int J Androl 2000;23 Suppl 2:82-4 Related Articles, Books, LinkOut
Phytochemicals and the breakthrough of traditional herbs in the
management of sexual dysfunctions.
Adimoelja A.
School of medicine 'Hang Tuah' University, Teaching and Naval
Hospital,Surabaya, Indonesia.
Traditional herbs have been a revolutionary breakthrough in the
management of erectile dysfunction and have become known world-wide
as an 'instant' treatment. The modern view of the management of
erectile dysfunction subscribes to a single etiology, i.e. the
mechanism of erection. A large number of pharmacological agents are
orally consumed and vasoactive agents inserted intraurethrally or
injected intrapenially to regain good erection. Modern
phytochemicals have developed from traditional herbs.
Phytochemicals focus their mechanism of healing action to the root
cause, i.e. the inability to control the proper function of the
whole body system. Hence phytochemicals manage erectile dysfunction
in the frame of sexual dysfunction as a whole entity.
Protodioscin is a phytochemical agent derived from Tribulus
terrestris L plant, which has been clinically proven to improve
sexual desire and enhance erection via the conversion of
protodioscine to DHEA (De-Hydro-Epi-Androsterone). Preliminary
observations suggest that Tribulus terrestris L grown on different
soils does not consistently produce the active component
Protodioscin.
Further photochemical studies of many other herbal plants are needed
to explain the inconsistent results found with other herbal plants,
such as in diversities of Ginseng, Eurycoma longifolia, Pimpinella
pruacen, Muara puama, Ginkgo biloba, Yohimbe etc.
PMID: 10849504 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J Ethnopharmacol 2002 Sep 1;82(1):55 Related Articles, Books,
LinkOut
In vitro anti-tumor promoting and anti-parasitic activities of
the quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia, a medicinal plant in
Southeast Asia.
Jiwajinda S, Santisopasri V, Murakami A, Kawanaka M, Kawanaka H,
Gasquet M, Eilas R, Balansard G, Ohigashi H.
Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Kasetsart University,
Kamphaeng Saen Campus, 73140, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
Some quassinoids (1-6) isolated previously as plant growth
inhibitors from the leaves of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. (Simaroubaceae)
were subjected to in vitro tests on anti-tumor promoting,
antischistosomal and plasmodicidal activities. The most active
compound for inhibition of tumor promoter-induced Epstein-Barr virus
activation (anti-tumor promotion) was 14,15beta-dihydroxyklaineanone
(5, IC(50)=5 &mgr;M). Longilactone (1) gave significant
antischistosomal effect at a concentration of 200 &mgr;g/ml.
11-Dehydroklaineanone (3) and 15beta-O-acetyl-14-hydroxyklaineanone
(6) showed potent plasmodicidal activity (IC(50)=2 &mgr;g/ml).
Thus it was suggested that E. longifolia possesses high medicinal
values due to the occurrence of a variety of quassinoids.
PMID: 12169407 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J Nat Prod 1991 Sep-Oct;54(5):1360-7Related Articles, Books, LinkOut
Cytotoxic and antimalarial
constituents of the roots of Eurycoma longifolia.
Kardono LB, Angerhofer CK, Tsauri S, Padmawinata K, Pezzuto JM,
Kinghorn AD.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of
Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612.
By bioactivity-directed fractionation, five cytotoxic constituents
have been characterized from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia
collected in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Four canthin-6-one alkaloids,
namely, 9-methoxycanthin-6-one, 9-methoxycanthin-6-one-N-oxide,
9-hydroxycanthin-6-one, and 9-hydroxycanthin-6-one-N-oxide, and one
quassinoid, eurycomanone, were found to be cytotoxic principles.
Each of these compounds was evaluated against a panel of cell lines
comprising a number of human cancer cell types [breast, colon,
fibrosarcoma, lung, melanoma, KB, and KB-V1 (a multi-drug resistant
cell line derived from KB)] and murine lymphocytic leukemia (P-388).
The canthin-6-ones 1-4 were found to be active with all cell lines
tested except for the KB-V1 cell line. Eurycomanone was inactive
against murine lymphocytic leukemia (P-388) but was significantly
active against the human cell lines tested. Two additional isolates,
the beta-carboline alkaloids beta-carboline-1-propionic acid and
7-methoxy-beta-carboline-1-propionic acid, were not significantly
active with these cultured cells. However, compounds 5 and 7 were
found to demonstrate significant antimalarial activity as judged by
studies conducted with cultured Plasmodium falciparum strains. The
structures of the novel compounds 2-4 and 7 were established by
spectral and chemical methods.
PMID: 1800638 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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